Mrs Mallard from Story of an Hour and the Wife from Cat...

Compare, contrast and analyze: Mrs. Mallard (Story of an Hour) and the wife (Cat in the Rain) The heroine of Kate Chopins Story of an Hour and unnamed wife of Ernest Hemingways Cat in the Rain seem to be motivated by completely different forces. Mrs. Mallard desires a wider and more expansive life than the one she currently possesses. She is frustrated by the limits of her domesticity. She feels a sense of freedom and relief at the prospect of her husbands death rather than sorrow. The unnamed wife of Cat in the Rain projects her desire to have a more stable and conventional life onto a cat she wants to rescue from the rain. She fantasizes about holding it and letting it purr, versus the glamorous life traveling around Italy she is currently leading. Both stories hinge on themes of incomprehension. The family and friends of Mrs. Mallard clearly do not understand her frustration with her life. They are careful not to reveal that her husband has been accidentally killed in a railway ac cident at first, for fear of the shock stopping her weak heart. Mrs. Mallard seems to bear this news well ironically, the reader knows, because of the frustrations she feels about the social constraints that inhibit her movement. She said it over and over under the breath: free, free, free! Because society cannot conceive of a woman not wanting to be a wife, Mrs. Mallard is consistently misinterpreted by the friends and family around her. When it turns out that her husband

Purchasing Lvn Nursing Essay Samples

Purchasing Lvn Nursing Essay Samples The One Thing to Do for Lvn Nursing Essay Samples Nursing is among the captivating career choices a great majority of individuals are lured to pursue. It is very important to check with the local government before practicing massage, even if your state doesn't require you to have a license. Both States allow the Licensed Practical Nurse to help in preforming the initial assessment but aren't permitted to earn nursing diagnoses. The degree of care given by nursing homes has increased significantly over the last decade. Therefore, the nursing homes need to have the vital drugs available just enjoy the proper staff to manage the nursing home residents. Nursing shortage in the nation is turning into a crisis to health care and security of the patients. Nurses will need to supply the ideal service in accordance with their wisdom and capacity to attain the very best life and extend the life expectancy in the society. This care may also be given by the family members and friends of the individual. Understaffed occasionally At times nurses have to cope with far more patients than 1 person should due to staff shortages. They have a wider scope of roles since they are responsible for overall patient care rather than analysis of bodily samples. In america, there are two big kinds of nurses RNs and LVNs. Risk assessment is just one of the steps in risk administration. Study diseases of the kidneys and other relevant conditions like diabetes which you will encounter everyday when you turn into a dialysis nurse. A superb high quality Nurse is somebody who's always prepared to learn. So for those who have an essay assigned that you require help with, you can purchase essay online cheap from us. The cover letter has to be error free. It is crucial to make certain that the essay is error free. Introduction The article talked about in this paper presents a logical balance of both of these statements. The essay isn't only about the content but about other essential components that let the admission board know that students are seriously interested in entering their programs and they will be valuable assets too. It is crucial to adhere to the period of the essay in order for the board doesn't throw it out. The sort of essay you're looking for will be provided to you within the deadline offered to you. The ideal thing about us is that each time you can buy original essay papers for sale. Then the very best way is set a request I want to acquire essay papers written. Who knew essay writing may be so tough. Our writers always create unique content that is totally free from all grammatical error. So should you need to employ college essay writer online, we're just the people that you want to contact. While it's true that there are a few excellent writers in college some find it extremely tough to write. Now you can purchase genuine college essay online, one that is going to fit your financial plan and get your work done also. The nursing profession can be split into various categories. Making the choice to begin a career in nursing isn't one to go into lightly. It is extremely important to apply knowledge within this career. Our goal is to aid you with your essays and our tremendous library of research material is readily available that you utilize for your assignments. The nursing discipline demands a planner and a visionary because it is but one of the most difficult fields. It also ought to summarize the principal ideas of the whole nursing essay and have a position of the thesis statement. Further, it may suggest areas for more study or major limitations of the present study.

Managing Information System Globalization

Question: Discuss about theManaging Information Systemfor Globalization. Answer: Introduction Emergence of globalization has lead to the use of information technology in the business. There is a need to use new technologies in the business as it has a direct impact on the productivity of the business. It facilitates in improving the communication process in the organization. Changes in the business environment force companies to interact with customers and clients on a regular basis for the purpose of acquiring information related to changes taking place in their tastes and preferences. Use of proper technology helps businesses to save time, cost and resources and results in improving the operational efficiency of the business. Along with this, nowadays, businesses undergo different security threats (Davies 2013,p.378). Businesses use new technology for the purpose of protection of financial and confidential information which in turn facilitates in gaining competitive advantage over their rivals. This is possible as the businesses use technology to find new opportunities and grab new market that results in increasing its profitability. Along with this, information technology also gives rise to innovation in the business. It leads to improvement in the data storage, wide distribution of information and improving the quality of the products and services (Wang Wang 2012, p.39). Examples of the use of IS/IT for Gaining Competitive Advantage in Business There is a successful implementation of IS technology in the operations of different businesses. The example of unsuccessful implementation of IS is as follows: Hilton hotels have implemented an information system that facilitates customers to book and reserve rooms in a hotel and order rental car through an online mode in order to make the process of booking and car rentals easier for the company as well as customers. The company has implemented transaction processing system (TPS) which facilitates in collection of the operational information of the activities carried out in the hotel. Hilton hotel does not have large amount of operations to be handled by the system due to which it became difficult and complicated for the business. Besides this, due to use of combination of hardware and software for the purpose of handling immense quantity of business and consumer data there is an occurrence of security breaches. This is because many private information of consumers are stored and malfunctioning of the hardware such as electrical outage that can result in damage of the integrated system. Along with this, there is also a need of technical pe ople for the purpose of maintenance of the system 24 hours a day in order to integrate other departments with the system such as accounting, inventory, shipping and payroll ((Avison Torkzadeh 2009, p.118). The example of successful implementation of IS as follows: Maidenform is a women underwear manufacturer that has implemented business intelligence system for the purpose of providing right information at right place. The implementation of the system has helped businesses to provide relevant and important information at all levels of the organization in order to make appropriate decisions at a given time. This has helped to attain a competitive edge over its rivals. This business intelligence system has helped in keeping a track of the changes taking place in the weather and preferences of the customers which in turn results in providing those products that helps in fulfilling the needs of customers ((Rainer Cegielski 2010, p.289). This has helped in improving the operational efficiency and productivity of the business. This has helped increasing the number of customers and value of the shareholders as the business is able to deliver right information to its stakeholders that are actionable. Information regarding weather changes helped in launching clothes which provide comfort to customers which in turn results in high profits. This system also helps in gaining information regarding the changes taking place in the fashion industry and provides clothes as per the fashion to its customers at reasonable price. This has helped in gaining a competitive advantage over other players in the market (Hall 2008). Success Factors for Successful Example Implementation of business intelligence system in Maidenform has resulted in saving time and cost of the operations carried out in the business. The main success factor is that managers gain information regarding the tastes and preferences of the customers and changes in the weather condition which in turn results making quick decisions regarding the products and services provided to customers in order to cope up with the competition. Managers can keep a track on changes taking place in the fashion trends which help the company to take an advantage over its rivals. There is also an occurrence of minimal human errors as the information is recorded in a digital form regarding payroll, shipping and inventory (Rainer Cegielski 2010). Business intelligence system has helped in integrating all the functions in order to improve its efficiency and efficacy. This system also helps in predicting weather conditions which help in deciding the material of cloth to be used to make the product as per weather conditions. This system facilitates in gaining real time information regarding consumer behavior and develop strategies to fulfill their demands which results in increasing sales and profits and thereby customer loyalty. Business intelligence helps in improving communication at all levels of the business organization that results in increased productivity and efficiency (Mungree, Rudra and Morien 2013). Lessons Learnt from Unsuccessful Example While implementing a transaction processing system in an organization, there is a need to allow customers to take active participation in designing of the system which in turn results in making user friendly system. In case of Hilton Hotels, the information system is not user friendly due to which customers find difficulty in providing their information related to their preferences and tastes. They find difficulty in making advance booking of hotel rooms and book a car on rent. In addition to this, the implemented information system is not secured as it breaches security during provision of private information by the customers. It is requisite for the information managers to make secured system which helps in handling the operational data provided by the users in an effective manner. There is a need of implementing TPS in such a manner that it produces reports and documents in a timely manner so that managers can take right decisions at right time. In this manner, the company can gai n competitive edge over its rivals (Avison Torkzadeh 2009). Impact of Internal and External Factors on Implementation of IS/IT in the Organization External Factors Political Factors: there is a requirement of political stability in a country for the success of the hotel industry as there are several political factors that influence the number of visitors in a hotel such as number of tourists, and business travelers. There might be a possibility that number of tourists might decline in the country due to safety concerns. This results in decline in the sales of the business. The Hilton hotels are engaged in lobbying in order to influence political factors which results in providing competitive advantage over its rivals (Shelly Rosenblatt 2009). Economic Factors: In the year 2012 during Olympic games, the Hilton hotels are fully booked and occupied but during financial crisis the sales and profits of the hotel are declined by 20% and 40% respectively. Besides this, inflation rate and GBP exchange rate has also a significant impact on the operational performance of the company (Cooke 2012). Technology: Rapid changes in the technology forces companies to adopt new technology for the purpose of improving the operational efficiency of the business. In context to Hilton hotels, transaction processing system is implemented in order to handle day to day operations in an effective manner but due to some security threats it turned out to be a failure. In addition to this, implementation of new technology in the hotel helped customers to make hotel bookings and car rentals through an online mode which has resulted in an increase in the profits of the company (Perry 2009). Social factors: The use of effective technology helps in tracking changes taking place in customer preferences and weather conditions which in turn results in providing products demanded by the customers and helps in improving the productivity of the company. In order to gain competitive edge over the rivals, it is necessary to keep a track of changes taking place in customer preferences. It has a major impact on the sustainability of the business (Groucutt 2008, p.53). Internal Factors Human resources: organization pay attention on the recruitment and selection of employees as it facilitates in building capability, knowledge and experience of the organization capability. Providing training to employees helps in enhancing their productivity so that they can handle the objections of their customers in an effective manner in order to fulfill their demands effectively. This also helps businesses to gain competitive advantage (Elearn 2009, p.108). In case of Maidenform, the implementation of business intelligence helps in gathering information regarding customer preferences and predicting weather conditions in order to fulfill the demands of customers and get an advantage of bringing clothes as per the fashion over its rivals (Cadle, Paul Turner 2010). Management: The capability of management team and implementation of appropriate leadership style have a major impact on employees morale which has a significant impact on their performance and productivity and influence the overall capability of the organization. Nowadays, it is essential for the managers to involve stakeholders in the decision making process as it facilitates in achieving sustainable development of the company (Ryan 2009, p.26). Companies do not have a power or ability to control external factors due to which it influence the success of the organization to gain competitive advantage in a significant manner. Besides this, internal factor can easily be controlled by the organization due to which it helps companies to attain an edge over its competitors. Therefore both internal as well as external factors are important to gain competitive advantage in the industry (Elearn 2008, p.98). Achievement of Sustainable Competitive Advantage through Implementation of IS/IT in the Organization Nowadays, rapid changes have been taking place in the technology and occurrence of globalization forces companies to adopt new information systems or information technology for the purpose of fulfilling the day to day operations of the business. Implementation of IS/IT systems helps in reducing the time and cost spent on executing the operations in the business (Bill 2009). It helps in improving the communication with the customers, employees and other stakeholders in order to fulfill their demands in an effective manner. Implementation of information systems helps in integrating different processes as it results in taking quick decisions (Davies 2013, p.376). The purpose of information system is to provide right information to right people at right time which help managers to take quick and effective decisions which in turn results in increased productivity. This facilitates in increasing the sales and profits of the company. In addition to this, use of information system also helps in spreading information about new products and services to customers that in turn persuade potential customers to buy products. This helps in increasing the market share of the company. Information systems helps in manipulating, tracking and storing information gathered from different sources in order to provide to appropriate people so as to make right decisions (Oz 2008, p.14). The use of technology such as instant messaging, emails, video calls helps in sharing of the information across boundaries by the help of information system which helps in establishing harmonious relationships with the customers and other stakeholders. Along with this, it also helps in eliminating different barriers such as geographical, cultural and linguistic barriers and facilitates in sharing of the information in an effective manner. Use of advanced technology also helps in improving supply of information to decision makers and easy occurrence of the operations of the business which facilitates in improving the productivity and performance of the business and gain a competitive advantage over other players in the market (Wang Wang 2012, p.42). Along with this, implementation of information system also helps in providing 24x7 services to its customers in a smooth manner. This helps in increasing the customer base of the company as products are available to customers at their door steps. Along with this, there is also a reduction in the errors made by human beings as the information is recorded and stored in a digital form. Employees have easy accessibility of the information required by them as the whole information is stored in one information system which has helped in increasing the productivity of employees and thereby increase the sales of the company (Knapp Zupancic 2007). In addition to this, the use of information system provides custom information to employees which they want to make appropriate decisions. It also helps employees to increase their productivity and overall performance of the organization. Stakeholders get real time information related to changes in the business environment in order to formulate and implement appropriate strategy in the organization. Besides this, appropriate changes can be made in the information system in order to adapt to the changes taking place in the environment (Grant, Hackney Edgar 2010, p.300). Conclusion It can be concluded that it is essential for the companies to adopt new technologies present in the market in order to gain sustainable competitive advantage as there is a presence of huge competition due to presence of large number of similar firms. Hiliton Hotel has implemented transaction processing system which turned out to be failure due to occurrence of huge capital and non use till its full potential. The example of successful implementation of information system is the execution of business intelligence in Maidenform where employees can access real time information regarding the changes taking place in the customer preferences and take quick decisions regarding the products that fulfill the changed demands of customers in order to improve its overall productivity. Implementation of information system helps in gaining sustainable competitive advantage as it helps in eliminating extra cost and time to perform the business operations. References Avison, D, Torkzadeh, G, 2009, Information Systems Project Management, SAGE. Bill, K, 2009, Sport Management, Learning Matters. Cadle, J, Paul, D, Turner, P, 2010, Business Analysis Techniques: 72 Essential Tools for Success, BCS. Cooke, J, 2012, Operations Management: The Art Science of Making Things Happen : what the Business Schools Don't Teach You to Survive and Flourish, Ecademy Press. Davies, PB, 2013, Business Information Systems, Palgrave Macmillan. Elearn, 2008, Business Environment, Routledge. Elearn, 2009, Managing Markets and Customers, Elsevier. Grant, K, Hackney, R, Edgar, D, 2010, Strategic Information Systems Management, Cengage Learning EMEA. Groucutt, J, 2008, Business Degree Success, Palgrave Macmillan. Hall, J, 2008, Accounting Information Systems, Cengage Learning. Knapp, G, Zupancic, J, 2007, Advances in Information Systems Development: New Methods and Practice for the Networked Society, Volume 1, Springer Science Business Media. Mungree, D, Rudra, A, Morien, D, 2013, A Framework for Understanding the Critical Success Factors of Enterprise Business Intelligence Implementation. Proceedings of the Nineteenth Americas Conference on Information Systems pp. 1-9. Oz, E, 2008, Management Information Systems, Cengage Learning. Perry, B, 2009, Enterprise Operations, Elsevier. Rainer, RK, Cegielski, CG, 2010, Introduction to Information Systems: Enabling and Transforming Business, John Wiley Sons. Ryan, R, 2009, Leadership Development, Routledge. Shelly, G, Rosenblatt, HJ, 2009, Systems Analysis and Design, Cengage Learning Wang, S, Wang, H, 2012, Information Systems Analysis and Design, Universal-Publishers.

Szabist Essay Example

Szabist Essay Service offering And Variety Augmenting the Core Product: The shostack’s molecular model can help identify the tangible and intangible elements involved in service industry. For Szabist the intangible element includes the knowledge they provide to a student in different fields for example BBA, media sciences etc. The grooming of personality, to work in teams, the education which is the core product of Szabist. The tangible element includes the degree provided by Szabist. Nature of Service Offering: Core Product: The core product Szabist provide is quality education. Supplementary Service: The supplementary service Szabist includes extra-curricular activities such as computer labs, libraries, sports room, the societies and affiliation to foreign universities. Delivery Process: Szabist delivery process is through the faculty they hire for providing quality education. The documentation of all the records of student all over the time period till they are studying. The Flower of Service: Information Clearance Classes Degree Education Consultation Fees Submission The flower’s petals are the supplementary service shown in the clockwise pattern in which they are often encountered by customers. Information: When a student comes in for admission they are provided with the admission form and guided about the procedure through which they can join Szabist. Consultation: The student can consult in which program they fit the most and what are the requirement criteria for that particular program. Fees Submission: Once the student went through the admission process they are asked to submit their fees beforehand. We will write a custom essay sample on Szabist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Szabist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Szabist specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Classes: The classes are conducted on daily basis for whatever program a student is rolled in. Clearance: Once the student completes his/her credit hours criteria all payments are settled between the student and Szabist before the degree is granted. Degree: Degree is awarded by Szabist to the successful candidate who completes his/her course requirement. The Service Product mix: Width: Graduate Programs EMBA, MBA, MS (Computing), MS (Media Sciences), MS (Management Sciences), MS (Social Sciences Economics) and Ph. D. Undergrad Programs BBA, BABS, BS (Computing), BS (Media Sciences), BS (Social Sciences), BE Mechatronics, Biosciences and LLB. Length: The total number of courses offered by Szabist. Depth: EMBA SZABIST offers a two years EMBA degree for the executives and the middle/level managers who strive for excellence and greater challenges in their professional life. The EMBA is a two years program spread over six semesters and consists of 66 credit hours. 20 courses, 1 Business Project (3 credits) and 1 Research Project (3 credits) are required to graduate. Maximum time limit to complete the EMBA degree is five years. MBA SZABIST offers MBA degree in the specialized fields of Management, Human Resource Management (HRM), Marketing, Finance, Supply Chain Management, Islamic Banking, MIS and Economic Policy Management. Both MBA (Day) and MBA (Evening) programs are offered. For students with a 4-year BBA degree, the duration of the MBA Program is 1. 5 years. 10 MBA courses (30 credits) and a research project (6 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 4-year non BBA degree / relevant degree, the duration of the MBA program is 2 to 2. 5 years. 24 courses (72 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 2 to 3 year undergraduate degree the duration of the MBA program is 3 to 3. 5 years. 30 courses (90 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. MS (Computing) SZABIST offers MS degree with majors in Information Technology, Software Engineering and Computer Sciences. The MS is an evening program only and consists of 8 courses and a Thesis / Research Project / Course Work. For students with a 4 year BS or 2 year MCS degree, the MS is a two year program. 9 MS courses and Thesis/ Research Project/Course Work are needed to graduate (33 credit hours). For students with a 4 year professional degree (BE, MSc etc. ), the MS Program is a two year program. Deficiency conversion courses and 9 MS courses and Thesis/Research Project/Course Work are needed to graduate (33 credit hours +18 credit hours of deficiency courses. ) For students with a 3 year BCS degree, the MS Program is a three year program. One year of deficiency conversion courses and 9 MS courses and Thesis or Research Project are needed to graduate (33 credit hours + 30 credit hours of deficiency courses. ) The maximum time limit to complete the MS degree is five years. MS (Media Sciences) SZABIST offers the MS Media Sciences degree. The MS Media Sciences is an evening program only and consists of 8 courses and a Thesis. For students with a 4-year BS Media Sciences or relevant Bachelors or Masters degree, the MS Program is 1. 5 years. 8 MS courses (24 credits) and a thesis (6 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 4-year non-relevant Bachelors or Master degree, the duration of the MS program is 2 to 2. 5 years. 24 courses (72 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-week internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years. For students with a 2 to 3 year undergraduate degree, the duration of the MS program is 3 to 3. 5 years. 30 courses (90 credits) are needed to graduate. Students are also required to complete a 6-weeks internship and clear the SZABIST comprehensive exam. The maximum duration to complete this degree is 5 years MS (Management Sciences) SZABIST offers the fifth year MS degree in the specialized fields of Management, Human Resource Management (HRM), Marketing, Finance and IT (MIS/ E-Business). The MS program is an evening program only and consists of 8/10 courses and/or Thesis (30 credits). The maximum time limit to complete the MS degree is five years. MS (Social Sciences Economics) SZABIST offers the fifth year MS degree in Social Sciences Economics with majors in Psychology, Sociology, International Relation, Political Science, Economics, Media Studies, Education, Public Administration, NGO Management, Gender Studies, Philosophy, Law Human Rights and Public Policy. The MS Program is an evening program only and consists of 8/10 courses and/or a Thesis/ Independent Studies (30 credit hours). Ph. D. SZABIST offers the Ph. D. degree in Management Sciences, Computing and Social Sciences Economics that can be completed during the evenings in two years after the MS / MBA degree. 6 Ph. D. courses and a dissertation are required to graduate. A total of 48 credit hours must be completed. For candidates with a 4 year professional (BBA / BS / BE / MBA / MCS / MSc / MA) degree, the Ph. D. Program is a three year 78 credit hours program. MS degree (30 credits) must first be successfully completed. In Management Sciences, specializations include Organizational Structure, Human Resource Management Development, and International Business Strategy Development, e-Business Strategy, Leadership, Corporate Restructuring, Corporate Ethics Governance, Advanced Financial Management, Marketing Communication and Not-for-Profit Management. In Computing, specializations include Database Management Systems, Data Warehousing Mining, Networking Communication, Business Intelligence, Process Modeling, Telecommunication, Mobile Communication, Mobile Computing, Technology Management, Artificial Intelligence, Software Engineering, Agent Systems, Speech Recognition, Multimedia HCI Systems and e-Business, Mechatronics and Machine Vision Image Processing. In Social Sciences Economics, specializations include Economics, International Relations, Political Science, Media Studies, Education, Public Administration, NGO Management, Gender Studies, Philosophy, Psychology, Sociology, Law Human Rights and Public Policy. The total time to earn a Ph. D. degree after a four-year university degree is a minimum of three years to a maximum of seven years. BBA SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BBA degree program with majors in Management, Marketing, Finance, and IT. The BBA Program is essentially a day program and consists of 46 courses and a thesis (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening) and an Internship. The maximum time limit to complete the BBA degree is seven years. BABS SZABIST offers the 3 years BA (Hons) Business Studies of the University of Wales, Newport, UK. Students can earn BABS, UK, and Degree after completing two years of study at SZABIST and one year at Newport, UK, through an articulation agreement. Students aiming for a UK degree can join this programme and save 2 years UK cost. Two years study at SZABIST is fully mapped and matched with University of Wales BA (Hons) Business Studies curriculum. Please refer to separate SZABIST brochure for details of this program. BS (Computing) SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BS (Computing) degree with majors in Information Technology, Telecommunications, Software Engineering and Computer Sciences. The BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 40 courses (six courses per semester) with a total of 130 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), Internship and the passing of the comprehensive exam. The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BS (Media Sciences) SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BS (Media Sciences) degree with majors in Production and Advertising. The BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 46 courses a thesis (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), and an Internship. The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BS (Social Sciences) SZABIST offers a four your (eight semesters) BS (Social Sciences) degree with majors in Psychology, Sociology, Economics, Political Sciences and International Relations. BS Program is essentially a day program and consists of 48 courses (six courses per semester) with a total of 144 credit hours, Internship and the passing of the Comprehensive Exam. The maximum time limit to complete the BS degree is seven years. BE Mechatronics SZABIST offers a four year (eight semesters) BE (Mechatronics Engineering). The BE program is essentially a day program and consists of 43 courses (five or six courses per semester) with a total of 142 credit hours (all electives and certain courses may be offered in the evening), Internship and the passing of the comprehensive exam . The maximum time limit to complete the BE degree is seven years. Biosciences BS Biosciences at SZABIST is a four year program spread over 8 semesters and consists of 135 credit hours of teaching, 44 courses, internship of at least six weeks, and research project are needed to graduat LLB SZABIST offers the LLB University of London International Programmes This is an evening program and can be completed in three years. The University of London, UK will award the LLB degree. Please refer to the separate SZABIST brochure and to the University of London web site. www. londoninternational. ac. uk for details of this program. Reference: http://khi. szabist. edu. pk/programs

How a Behavior Intervention Plan Improves Bad Behavior

How a Behavior Intervention Plan Improves Bad Behavior A BIP, or Behavior Intervention Plan, is an improvement plan that lays out how an Individual Education Plan (IEP) team will better difficult behavior that is inhibiting a childs academic success. If a child cant focus, doesnt complete work, disrupts the classroom or is constantly in trouble, not only does the teacher have a problem, the child has a problem. A Behavior Intervention Plan is a document that describes just how the IEP team will help the child improve his or her behavior. When a BIP Becomes a Requirement A BIP is a required part of an IEP if the behavior box is checked off in the Special Considerations section where it asks whether communication, vision, hearing, behavior and/or mobility affects academic achievement. If a childs behavior disrupts the classroom and significantly interrupts his or her education, then a BIP is very much in order. Furthermore, a BIP is generally preceded by an FBA or Functional Behavior Analysis. The Functional Behavior Analysis is based on the Behaviorist Anagram, ABC: Antecedent, Behavior, and Consequence. It requires the observer to first pay attention to the environment in which the behavior occurs, as well as the occurrences that happen just before the behavior. How Behavior Analysis Gets Involved Behavior Analysis includes the antecedent, a well defined, measurable definition of the behavior, as well as a standard for how it will be measured, such as duration, frequency, and latency. It also involves the consequence, or outcome, and how that consequence reinforces the student.   Usually, a special education teacher, a behavior analyst, or a school psychologist will perform an FBA. Using that information, the teacher will write a document that describes target behaviors, replacement behaviors, or behavioral goals. The document will also include the procedure for changing or extinguishing the target behaviors, measures for success, and the people who will be responsible for instituting and following through on the BIP. The BIP Content A BIP should include the following information: Proactive Manipulation of the Antecedent.Teachers should consider whether they can structure the students learning environment in a way that will eliminate the antecedent. Making changes in the environment that will eliminate or decrease the things that may trigger a behavior permits the teacher to spend lots of time reinforcing the replacement behavior.Targeted Behaviors.Also known as the Behavior of Interest, a BIP should narrow the behaviors of interest to a few that may be interrelated, typically three or four or at the most.Reinforcement Plan.This plan provides a description of the proactive means of supporting replacement or appropriate behavior. A replacement behavior for calling out would be to raise their hand and a means of reinforcing or rewarding that activity would be part of the BIP.  Protocol for Addressing Dangerous or Unacceptable Behavior.This protocol may be called different things in a teachers district or state form, but it should address how to respond to dang erous behavior. Unacceptable should be defined, as it isnt to promote punishment when the teacher, bus driver, or paraprofessional is angry at a student. The purpose of the BIP is to keep adults away from reactive and counterproductive behaviors of their own, like screaming at the child or punishment.

Nylon Stockings and Denier Spam

Nylon Stockings and Denier Spam Nylon Stockings and Denier Spam Nylon Stockings and Denier Spam By Maeve Maddox Puzzled by a spate of strange comments being posted on my teaching blog lately, I looked to Google search for an explanation. The comments range from vacuous puffs written in a strange kind of English, I’ve been exploring for a little bit for any high quality articles or blog posts on this kind of area. Exploring in Yahoo I at last stumbled upon this site. Reading this info So i am happy to convey that I’ve an incredibly good uncanny feeling I discovered just what I needed. I most certainly will make certain to don’t forget this website and give it a glance regularly. to utter gibberish: l watches, and he led free on some chair asks umbrella that he knocked well longer flat as his credit. By on it had tightly see with it appeared smaller jerry of ourselves! His samay or watches. Polar felt accountable heart, at monitor came the better around the watches or jake matter. Weight wouldve that he safely. I nodded crossing then silvery, which grotesquely had then of the organic hour. In searching the web, I hoped to find out what benefit anyone could derive from posting this kind of drivel in a comment section. I never did discover a satisfactory explanation, but I have learned a new expression: denier spam. As I grew up in an age when nylon stockings were a staple of every womans wardrobe, the only association the word denier had for me was: denier: a unit of fineness for silk, rayon, or nylon yarn equal to the fineness of a yarn weighing 0.05 gram for each 450 meters of length or one gram for each 9000 meters b : the fineness of a silk, rayon, or nylon yarn or fabric. Could denier spam be an especially fine variety of spam? I kept looking until the penny finally dropped. The word I was seeing wasnt denier [dÉ™n-yÄ ], as in 20-denier nylon, it was denier [dÄ ­-nÄ «Ã‰â„¢r], as in one who denies. Doh! Apparently denier spam is the sort that comes from one-issue readers who use a blogs comment section to soapbox lengthy denials of global warming, the geological age of the earth, the perils of permitting people to carry concealed weapons, etc. Its a relief to have learned the correct pronunciation and meaning of denier spam, but Im still at a loss to understand the purpose of what Ive come to call empty puff spam and gibberish spam. Whats the benefit to those who place it? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:5 Uses of Infinitives"Replacement for" and "replacement of"Starting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

Research Methods in Business Studies Assignment - 1

Research Methods in Business Studies - Assignment Example This means that all themes that come with the results of the study are outlined and discussed in this chapter. Some of the themes that the chapter will look includes data collection, which explains how the research design was operationalized, data gathering, which explains the actual process of collecting data, data analysis, which presents and analyses data, sampling selection, which throws light on how the sample used in the study was constructed, and survey participants demographic classification, which gives the unique demographic characteristics of the participants used in the study. The results chapter of the study is expected to give an overall view of what the real situation on the ground is, as far as the issue of EMR adoption in China is concerned. This is because it is through the results chapter that what participants who are directly affected or part of the situation give out information on what they perceive about the research problem (Ghauri and Gronhaung, 2002). Gill and Johnson (2007) noted that the data collection process defines the overall plan used in for the collection of data (Hussey and Hussey, 2007). By implication, the data collection component of this chapter helps to understand how the researcher put the research design into action. As part of the plan to collect data, the researcher had to select a research approach, which would help to identify the best way to approach the whole task of collecting data. Meanwhile, Remenyi, Williams, Money, and Swartz (2008) and Hakim (2010) presented two major types of research approaches which are the deductive and inductive research approach. In the deductive research approach, the researcher sets a hypothesis, based on which data is collected to either justify or disprove the hypothesis (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2003).  

The High Cost of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The High Cost of Education - Essay Example As the report highlights  the cost of college education in America has over years increasingly gone too high. High tuition fee charges in colleges is now proving to be the biggest problem facing college students, parents and sponsors. In this hard economic time, students and parents are now struggling a lot sourcing for funds to meet this high cost of tuition fee. This has ranged from sourcing school loans from banks and including selling of property assets to fund education.   This trend has negatively impacted on the concerned parties to an extent where students have almost lost hope for a better future. One very strong negative impact that has so far been noticed is the discouragement it has had on the students undertaking various courses in various universities. It is quite clear from studies conducted by this team that on completion of college education individuals who graduate hardly get well-paying jobs that match the cost incurred while in college.  From this discussion it is clear that  a greater percentage of the little money earned from these jobs end up being used to repay the loans that were borrowed during school days leaving a minimal percentage for investment. This therefore renders a larger population of the newly employed and young hustling for their entire life. From these insights it is therefore paramount to consider the cry of the large young population and consider a thorough review of the entire fee payment systems in colleges with intent of lowering its cost for the benefit of the future generation.

Treat the Earth Well Essay Example for Free

Treat the Earth Well Essay Treat the earth well: it was not given to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children. We do not inherit the Earth from our Ancestors; we borrow it from our Children. We do not inherit the Earth from our Ancestors, we borrow it from our Children is an ancient Indian proverb that is reverberating in my ears. It was articulated by Craig Wing recently at a Global Shapers Johannesburg hub meeting. Its pure simplicity is quite piercing because it shows the effect of our ancestors’ actions on our current situation and it also serves as a warning on our current actions’ impact on our children. The architects of Apartheid effectively created a problem for everyone by creating artificial boundaries that were inherently going to be brought down. Anything that is artificial does not have staying power. The social, political and economic separation that was created took the country towards the extreme right swing of the pendulum. This ensured that the minority population enjoyed the majority of the social, political and economic benefits. When the pendulum swung back in the democratic era, it reversed the exclusivity of the social and political benefits from the minority while the economic ones are still lagging far behind. The constitution of the country has guiding principles that help the pendulum to swing to a neutral position at the centre and not to the extreme left because that is also dangerous. Broad-based Black Economic Empowerment policies are meant to accelerate the swing to the middle point which makes them temporal policies that cannot be allowed to stay on forever because they will swing the country to the extreme left. The greatest blind spot suffered by the architects of apartheid was that they disregarded the circular nature of life where things swing back. The result is their children became adversely affected when their policy of separation unravels. This is also a warning to the architects of transformation policies in South Africa to make sure that they understand the circular nature of life and factor it into the design of the policies. There is currently a lot of resistance in moving the economic pendulum from the status quo where only the minority benefits because of fear of an uncertain future. The problem is that the greater the resistance to economic transformation a greater amount of energy is going to be invested and extreme measures taken to make sure that the economic pendulum swings back but to the other extreme which could have unintended consequences. The reality is that the pendulum will swing back but at what cost to the country and its economic prospects? A variation of the proverb â€Å"Treat the earth well: it was not given to you by your parents, it was loaned to you by your children† can be applied to the issue of land so brazenly dealt with by Pieter Mulder. Infrastructure is another recent example. The youth today are effectively going to be paying for the infrastructure based on decisions by people who are likely not going to be there when the full impact of the cost will be felt. So the issue of e-tolls provided a victory to the litigants who successfully argued for the interdict to stop the e-tolling system temporarily. It is an important political victory of making sure that people concerns are heard and for the separation of powers between the Executive, Judiciary and the Parliament. It also raised important questions about who benefited from the R20 billion tenders and also questioned the fairness of the tariff structure and who will benefit from these fees. So transparency was the winner principle at the end of the day. However it is a Pyrrhic victory because the ultimate solution sought by the litigants is the shifting of the burden of paying for the roads from the road users to all taxpayers. So the bottom line is that the young people will be bearing the burden of the long term cost of this e-toll through increased taxes or less support from the government while the older people will be enjoying the retirement funds returns generated from this through the bonds they bought. Furthermore this places the user-pays-principle which is much more equitable for future generations at risk which in turn scares away the investors especially in areas where we are suffering from an infrastructure deficit. So we might be solving the infrastructure development problem by borrowing from our children to fight power politics of old people who have no enduring interest in intergenerational equity. Young people are the ones who should be shaping the decisions that affect their future represented by their informed and decisive leaders while making sure that they don’t inherit the unhelpful habits of their ancestors.

Power and the Legal System Essay -- Law

Access to the law and legal system is the ability to shape it, both in its meaning and understanding. While the factors that usually determine the power to shape law are not static, in general, access to law has been held by specific groups of people: the wealthy, males, whites, and religious authorities. In constructing the law, these specific groups have traditionally used their power to reinforce their dominant position and impede the ability of powerless groups to further their interests. It is this position of advantage that allows the prevailing groups to maintain a system of inequality fortified by the law that protects their prosperity while forcing the disadvantaged to appeal to problematic methods to promote their well-being as a result of their lack of access. In his speech, â€Å"Address to the Prisoners in Cook County Jail,† Clarence Darrow defines law as a creation of the rich, who, because of their wealth, own and control most of the property and institutions of society (Darrow 229). The access that comes with their wealth then grants them the power to construct the law in a way that sustains their elite position. For Darrow, as a consequence of this system of power, the unprivileged individuals are forced to seek out other, often criminal means of living in order to survive. He explains this by stating, â€Å"The more that is taken from the poor by the rich, who have the chance to take it, the more poor people there are who are compelled to resort to these means for a livelihood† (227). By wielding their power, the rich have been able to consistently thwart the ability of the poor to access legitimate opportunities, often leading them to participate in activities such as robbery and burglary in order to ob... ... for the structure of inequality to be destroyed, access to the law and the ability to shape it must be given to all. Works Cited MLA Citation Darrow, Clarence. â€Å"Address to the Prisoners in the Cook County Jail.† Before the Law: An Introduction to the Legal Process. Ed. John J. Bonsignore., et. al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. pp. 225-232. Galanter, Marc. â€Å"Why the ‘Haves’ Come Out Ahead: Speculations on the Limits of Legal Change.† Before the Law: An Introduction to the Legal Process. Ed. John J. Bonsignore., et. al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. pp. 81-89. Kropoktin, Peter. â€Å"Law and Authority.† Before the Law: An Introduction to the Legal Process. Ed. John J. Bonsignore., et. al. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2006. pp. 158-167. MacKinnon, Katherine. â€Å"A Rally Against Rape.† White Plaza, Stanford University. 16 Nov. 1981.

Systems Theory Paper

Systems Theory Paper Communication is essential in our society today. There are many different types and methods of communication that people use. Throughout life, people learn to use communication in order to interact in the everyday world. People form groups to place themselves where they think they belong in society. Whether people know they are doing it or not, they consciously or subconsciously place themselves into certain groups. There are many different reasons for people to join different groups, these being for learning, activity, personal growth, and problem solving.Members of groups must all contribute in order to complete a task. People can have both positive and negative effects on groups. There are many concepts that help people understand systems through groups. The ripple effect is an important element of systems theory. The ripple effect works as a chain reaction and spreads across the entire group. This can be either a positive or negative spread. The effect is cau sed when one person in a group effects everyone else in that same group.An example of a positive ripple effect is if a child receives a scholarship to college then that whole family will benefit positively from the news because they will be happy. The happiness will spread from the child to the rest of the family. Families are a strong form of a group because the mood or feelings of one person in the household effects the other members of the family whether positively or negatively. Another example of a positive ripple effect that I have experienced is being on a soccer team. When one person is excited about a game and determined to win, all the other team members will start the get the same feeling.The vibe of determination to win is passed on through communication. A negative effect of the ripple effect would be a spread of a disease in a certain group. If one person has a disease that is contagious then they hold the risk of passing it on to the rest of the group members. A perso nal experience that I have had of this is in grade school when one child came to school with strep throat and eventually all the members of the class ended up getting it. The ripple effect is a strong element that can be a good or bad thing for groups.Another element that is important in groups and systems is dynamic equilibrium. Dynamic equilibrium deals with managing stability and change within a group. If a group doesn’t manage their equilibrium, than they will be affected negatively. However, if their equilibrium is managed than they won’t run into any problems. For example, if there is too much stability in a group than it is not healthy, and if there is too much change in a group than it can be overwhelming and things may get out of hand. There is a certain medium that a system should be at in order to promote growth and success within that group.For example, if a sports team decides to never practice than they will not grow or excel, but if they practice too muc h than they will be tired for the game and will not perform as well. Dynamic equilibrium is an important element within systems. Finally, an essentially important element within systems is the group size and complexity. The more members that a group has, the more complex problems they are going to have to deal with. Size is a critical element in any human system. For example, even with such a basic group need to schedule meetings, as the size of the group increases, problems increase.The more people that are in a group, the more people that are not going to be able to meet on a certain date. However, there are also complexities within smaller groups. For example, people will feel more obligated to agree to whatever everyone else agrees with when the group is smaller. If there are four people in a group who all agree on one idea and the fifth person has a good idea also, that person feels pressure to comply with the rest of the group. Group size will also affect cooperation levels. T he higher number of people a group has the more people there are too cause distractions and not pay attention.Group size greatly affects the complexity within systems. Groups are extremely difficult systems to manage due to many elements. However, there are also some elements that make groups easier to manage. Systems are very complicated and most people don’t realize that they deal with them everyday. People join groups without even knowing they are joining a group. People also join groups knowing what they will have to deal with to make that system work. Groups are essential in living life and no person will ever go through life without being part of one. By Josh B

Qin Shi Huang, First Emperor of China Essay

Qin Shi Huang (or Shi Huangdi) was the First Emperor of a unified China, who ruled from 246 BCE to 210 BCE. In his 35-year reign, he managed to create magnificent and enormous construction projects. He also caused both incredible cultural and intellectual growth, and much destruction within China. Whether he should be remembered more for his creations or his tyranny is a matter of dispute, but everyone agrees that Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of the Qin Dynasty, was one of the most important rulers in Chinese history. Connect with over 120,000 suppliers from Hong Kong, China and Taiwan Fall of Rome London Family History Chinese Warriors Terracotta Army Dynasty Early Life: According to legend, a rich merchant named Lu Buwei befriended a prince of the Qin State during the latter years of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 BCE). The merchant’s lovely wife Zhao Ji had just gotten pregnant, so he arranged for the prince to meet and fall in love with her. She became the prince’s concubine, and then gave birth to Lu Buwei’s child in 259 BCE. The baby, born in Hanan, was named Ying Zheng. The prince believed the baby was his own. Ying Zheng became king of the Qin state in 246 BCE, upon the death of his supposed father. He ruled as Qin Shi Huang, and unified China for the first time. Early Reign: The young king was only 13 years old when he took the throne, so his prime minister (and probable real father) Lu Buwei acted as regent for the first eight years. This was a difficult time for any ruler in China, with seven warring states vying for control of the land. The leaders of the Qi, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Chu and Qin states were former dukes under the Zhou Dynasty, but had each proclaimed themselves king as the Zhou fell apart. In this unstable environment, warfare flourished, as did books like Sun Tzu’s The Art of War. Lu Buwei had another problem, as well; he feared that the king would discover his true identity. Lao Ai’s Revolt: According to the Shiji, or â€Å"Records of the Grand Historian,† Lu Buwei hatched a new scheme to depose Qin Shi Huang in 240 BCE. He introduced Zhao Ji to Lao Ai, a man famed for his large penis. The queen dowager and Lao Ai had two sons, and in 238 BCE, Lao and Lu Buwei decided to launch a coup. Lao raised an army, aided by the king of nearby Wei, and tried to seize control while Qin Shi Huang was traveling outside of the area. The young king cracked down hard on the rebellion; Lao was executed in a grisly fashion, along with his family. The queen dowager was spared, but spent the rest of her days under house arrest. Consolidation of Power: Lu Buwei was banished after the Lao Ai incident, but did not lose all of his influence in Qin. However, he lived in constant fear of execution by the mercurial young king. In 235 BCE, Lu committed suicide by drinking poison. With his death, the 24-year-old king assumed full command over the kingdom of Qin. Qin Shi Huang grew increasingly paranoid (not without reason), and banished all foreign scholars from his court as spies. The king’s fears were well-founded; in 227, the Yan state sent two assassins to his court, but he fought them off with his sword. A musician also tried to kill him by bludgeoning him with a lead-weighted lute. Battles with Neighboring States: The assassination attempts arose in part because of desperation in neighboring kingdoms. The Qin king had the most powerful army, and neighboring rulers trembled at the thought of a Qin invasion. The Han kingdom fell in 230 BCE. In 229, a devastating earthquake rocked another powerful state, Zhao, leaving it weakened. Qin Shi Huang took advantage of the disaster, and invaded the region. Wei fell in 225, followed by the powerful Chu in 223. The Qin army conquered Yan and Zhao in 222 (despite another assassination attempt on Qin Shi Huang by a Yan agent). The final independent kingdom, Qi, fell to the Qin in 221 BCE. China Unified: With the defeat of the other six warring states, Qin Shi Huang had unified northern China. His army would continue to expand the Qin Empire’s southern boundaries throughout his lifetime, driving as far south as what is now  Vietnam. The king of Qin became the Emperor of Qin China. As emperor, Qin Shi Huang reorganized the bureaucracy, abolishing the existing nobility and replacing them with his appointed officials. He also built a network of roads, with the capital of Xianyang at the hub. In addition, the emperor simplified the written Chinese script, standardized weights and measures, and minted new copper coins. The Great Wall and Ling Canal: Despite its military might, the newly unified Qin Empire faced a recurring threat from the north: raids by the nomadic Xiongnu (the ancestors of Attila’s Huns). In order to fend off the Xiongnu, Qin Shi Huang ordered the construction of an enormous defensive wall. The work was carried out by hundreds of thousands of slaves and criminals between 220 and 206 BCE; untold thousands of them died at the task. This northern fortification formed the first section of what would become the Great Wall of China. In 214, the Emperor also ordered construction of a canal, the Lingqu, which linked the Yangtze and Pearl River systems. The Confucian Purge: The Warring States Period was dangerous, but the lack of central authority allowed intellectuals to flourish. Confucianism and a number of other philosophies blossomed prior to China’s unification. However, Qin Shi Huang viewed these schools of thought as threats to his authority, so he ordered all books not related to his reign burned in 213 BCE. The Emperor also had approximately 460 scholars buried alive in 212 for daring to disagree with him, and 700 more stoned to death. From then on, the only approved school of thought was legalism: follow the emperor’s laws, or face the consequences. Qin Shi Huang’s Quest for Immortality: As he entered middle age, the First Emperor grew more and more afraid of death. He became obsessed with finding the elixir of life, which would allow him to live forever. The court doctors and alchemists concocted a number of potions, many of them containing â€Å"quicksilver† (mercury), which probably had the ironic effect of hastening the emperor’s death rather than preventing it. Just in case the elixirs did not work, in 215 BCE the Emperor also  ordered the construction of a gargantuan tomb for himself. Plans for the tomb included flowing rivers of mercury, cross-bow booby traps to thwart would-be plunderers, and replicas of the Emperor’s earthly palaces. The Terracotta Army: To guard Qin Shi Huang in the afterworld, and perhaps allow him to conquer heaven as he had the earth, the emperor had a terracotta army of at least 8,000 clay soldiers placed in the tomb. The army also included terracotta horses, along with real chariots and weapons. Each soldier was an individual, with unique facial features (although the bodies and limbs were mass-produced from molds). The Death of Qin Shi Huang: A large meteor fell in Dongjun in 211 BCE – an ominous sign for the Emperor. To make matters worse, someone etched the words â€Å"The First Emperor will die and his land will be divided† onto the stone. Some saw this as a sign that the Emperor had lost the Mandate of Heaven. Since nobody would fess up to this crime, the Emperor had everyone in the vicinity executed. The meteor itself was burned and then pounded into powder. Nevertheless, the Emperor died less than a year later, while touring eastern China in 210 BCE. The cause of death most likely was mercury poisoning, due to his immortality treatments. Fall of the Qin Empire Qin Shi Huang’s Empire did not outlast him long. His second son and Prime Minister tricked the heir, Fusu, into committing suicide. The second son, Huhai, seized power. However, widespread unrest (led by the remnants of the Warring States nobility) threw the empire into disarray. In 207 BCE, the Qin army was defeated by Chu-lead rebels at the Battle of Julu. This defeat signaled the end of the Qin Dynasty. Sources: Mark Edward Lewis, The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han. Cambridge: Harvard University Press (2007). Lu Buwei, The Annals of Lu Buwei, trans. John Knoblock and Jeffrey Riegel. Stanford: Stanford University Press (2000). Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, trans. Burton Watson. New York: Columbia University Press (1993).

Free Essays on Free MInd

of their supposed role models and think it’s OK to follow in their foot steps. Peer pressure is another big factor. Teenagers rely a great deal upon their peers for guidance and support. Sometimes this is the wrong path to take. Friendship is a wrong word that is thrown around a little to loosely now days. Teens let their â€Å"friend† talk them into doing things that they would not normally do. Drugs and theft are brought into these relationship also. Today’s youth must learn to be leaders, not followers. Society can often be a harsh world to live in for a teen. To be considered "in" you must fit the role of the "perfect person." As young adults, teens are trying to find themselves. They look toward celebrities and leaders for a goal. They try to buy the right clothes, wear the nicest shoes, and be present at all the social events. To fit in, some are pushed to the edge. If you are caught in a dark alley at the wrong time, you might be killed just for your name brand shoes. Competition among fellow teens leads to jealousy and jealousy leads to violent acts.... Free Essays on Free MInd Free Essays on Free MInd In today’s society, the teenage population has experienced an increase in violence. Teens face many situations that cause these problems. Several factors are mass media, per pressure, and society’s view on the â€Å"perfect† person. Television, radio, and news papers are all ways of transferring messages to people. One might see a violent movie and decide to reenact the scenes thus causing harm to one’s self or to other. Hidden meanings of racism and hate are put into music. Teens hear the words of their supposed role models and think it’s OK to follow in their foot steps. Peer pressure is another big factor. Teenagers rely a great deal upon their peers for guidance and support. Sometimes this is the wrong path to take. Friendship is a wrong word that is thrown around a little to loosely now days. Teens let their â€Å"friend† talk them into doing things that they would not normally do. Drugs and theft are brought into these relationship also. Today’s youth must learn to be leaders, not followers. Society can often be a harsh world to live in for a teen. To be considered "in" you must fit the role of the "perfect person." As young adults, teens are trying to find themselves. They look toward celebrities and leaders for a goal. They try to buy the right clothes, wear the nicest shoes, and be present at all the social events. To fit in, some are pushed to the edge. If you are caught in a dark alley at the wrong time, you might be killed just for your name brand shoes. Competition among fellow teens leads to jealousy and jealousy leads to violent acts....

How to Study If You Only Have Minutes to Cram

How to Study If You Only Have Minutes to Cram Weve all been there: you either procrastinate or forget about a test until the last minute, at which point you realize that you have less than an hour to cram in as much knowledge as possible. Heres how to make the most of your cram session and study for your test in an hour or less. Find a Quiet Study Space If youre at school, head to the library or a quiet classroom. If youre studying at home, turn off the TV, shut off your phone, power down the computer, and head to your room. Politely request that your friends and/or family give you time to study quietly. If you have only a short period of time  to cram, youll need 100% of your focus. Review Your Study Guide If youve been lucky enough to receive a study guide from your teacher, use it! Study guides are a crammers best friend. Read through the study guide as many times as you can. Memorize as much of the content as possible, using mnemonic devices like acronyms or songs. You can also try reading out loud and discussing the content with a friend or family member. Dont worry about making flashcards or taking notes- an in-depth review of the study guide itself will be more effective. Crack Open the Textbook If you do not have a study guide, grab a pen and a notebook and open up your textbook. After youve confirmed which chapter(s) the test will cover, read the first two pages of each relevant chapter. Look for major ideas, vocabulary, and concepts, and as you read, summarize any words or phrase that are bold or highlighted in the text. (You can do this summary process in writing if you have time, or simply state your summary out loud). After youve read the first two pages of every chapter, read the last page of every chapter and answer the review questions in your head. If you cant figure out an answer to a review question, look it up in the textbook before moving on. These review questions are often good previews of the type of content to expect on your test. Review Notes, Quizzes and Assignments Dont have access to your textbook? Gather as many notes, quizzes, and assignments relevant to your upcoming test as you can. Your personal notes will hold plenty of useful information, and your teachers quizzes and assignments are often one of the main sources of test questions. Read every page as you would a study guide or textbook chapter, focusing on key terms and concepts. Try to memorize as much of the content as you can with mnemonic devices. Quiz Yourself Using your study guide, textbook, and/or previous assignments, hold a quick quiz session. Look for key terms, then cover up the answers with your hand and try to define them. Next, look for big concepts, then flip over the pages and explain the concepts in your head. Circle or write down any topics you have trouble with and review them several times. If you have time and access to a study buddy, he or she can help out by guiding you through one last quiz session, but self-studying is just as productive. Write Down Your Mnemonic Devices As soon as the teacher hands out the test and says begin, write your newly-created mnemonic devices (acronyms, phrases, etc.) down on your test paper. Seeing these mnemonic devices will jog your memory as you go through the test. Ask the Teacher for Help If you get confused or stuck during the test, dont be afraid to raise your hand and politely ask for help. Many teachers are willing to guide you in the right direction, particularly if they know you to be a hard-working student.

It depends Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

It depends - Essay Example Furthermore, penetrations into international or foreign markets also help to intensify the demand and brand image of the organization in the market. As a result, such type of penetration helps to improve the total sales and position thereby amplifying its reputation in the market among other contenders. Due to these reasons, maximum extent of the organizations desire to expand its operations into foreign markets. Internationalisation is recognised as a procedure to identify and penetrate the most feasible foreign market so as to enhance its operations. By doing so, the organization might increase its market share and brand value that may improve its inner strengths and opportunities as compared to many other rival contenders. An organization may enter a foreign market just by exporting its product lines so as to increase its level of awareness and credibility (Mathews, 2002, pp. 467-488). Apart from this, an organization might establish a joint venture with another domestic firm of that country so as to increase its total sale and net income. With the help of licensing also, an organization might enter the new foreign market and increase its revenues and profitability. Other than this, the organization may introduce its franchises and enhance its portfolio and position in the foreign market to a considerable extent. Hence, an organization may enter the foreign market with the help of the above mentioned ways. In this age, maximum extent of the organizations desire to develop their entities outside the state border. The prime reason behind this desire is to exploit the opportunities in both domestic and international border. However, in order to expand the operation of an organization in overseas markets, it’s extremely essential to analyse the market scenario and competitors activities. Only then, it may enhance its productivity and profitability in those unknown markets as compared to many other contenders. Thus, the

Socially Responsible Procurement Programme Essay

Socially Responsible Procurement Programme - Essay Example The companies in order to be successful need to cope up with the situation maintaining profitable performance and showing ethical conduct towards investors, business partners, vendors, employees, governments and communities, and the most important customers. The companies are routinely being rewarded and punished on the basis of their performance of balanced act. Thus procurement plays a major role in the outcome. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) can be split into four distinct classifications based on a theorist's approach and view of society. The role of business in society and its related theories fall into the following foundational areas: instrumental, political, integrative or ethical (Garriga & Mele, 2004). From the instumental perspective, participation in CSR activities is endorsed only if it is in concert with wealth generation, and therefore CSR is seen as an instrument in which greater profits can be achieved, a means to an end. In political setting, business is considered as a "citizen" or part of society as a whole with responsibilities assigned thereto (Davis, 1973). The resultant power of a corporation from its operation must be used for the benefit of society and, just as importantly, harnessed as not to have negative influence on the marketplace. Further, as a member of society, a business has a responsibility to use its power effectively. Integrative approach to CSR in dicates that business and society are interdependent, where one party cannot exist without the other; and, as such, each relies on the other for validity, status and survival. According to ethical perspective, businesses through their activities must treat the individuals that compose that society fairly, must contribute to the sustainable development of the environment in which they function and forever keep in mind the "common good" in business planning. If a business can be seen as a group of individuals seeking fulfillment in society to meet its personal goals, then there is a strong relationship between the corporate sector and the "common good." For business, the "common good" would be defined as the strategic actions taken by the corporation that would help the members of that entity realize their individual goals. When action such as this is taken, the collective personal interests of the employees, when combined with the shareholders of the corporation, meld; and company su ccess is virtually guaranteed. As Carter & Jennings (2000) postulate that procurement social responsibility (PSR) consists of a wide array of

The Theology of the Emerging Church Research Paper

The Theology of the Emerging Church - Research Paper Example Its members do not adhere to the traditional modernist dualisms of spirit and matter, mind and body, sacred or secular, but they want to go a different part in the midst of postmodernism.2 Thesis Statement: This paper aims to study the place of Christology in the theology of the Emerging Church. The need for the study The primary aim and mission of Emerging Church is to bring Christians from different denominations by making significant changes on how the church should be run and organized. This study will have ecumenical importance because it has implications on bringing the different churches together. The church is still diverse and fragmented movement; leaders just want to call it a conversation. They want to be heard and many of the different churches have been spreading their thoughts and beliefs through the different media including the Internet. Main Body The Emerging Church has been understood as a conversation on how to interpret the gospel in the midst of postmodern cultur e, and a call to action in this setting. It has been regarded by proponents that the Emerging Church has made important contributions to the church’s ecclesiology.3 The church has undergone a paradigm shift due to culture change. Discussions on postmodernity and postmodern have been taking place in various denominations. The terms postmodernity, postmodernism, and postmodern cultures have been freely interchanged but are not, in reality, synonymous. Nathan C. P. Frambach prefers to use the term â€Å"post-whateverism†, whose language refers to a ‘concept of flux’4. The world passes through various phenomena and transitions, for instance, the industrial age which refers to the past, the information age which is the present, and the biotechnology age which is the future. There are three core characteristics that identify the Emerging Church, and these are: ‘identifying with the life of Jesus, transforming secular space, and commitment to community as a way of life’.5 These practices lead to the other six practices which are: ‘welcoming the stranger, serving with generosity, participating as producers, creating as created beings, leading as a body, and taking part in spiritual activities’.6 The Nine Patterns Eddie Gibbs and Ryan Bolger discussed the nine patterns in imitating the ways of Jesus, leading to a new conversation and a new life with the Lord, apart from the practices of the traditional church. Identifying with the life of Jesus The example of Jesus, when he lived with his disciples on earth, is characteristic of the emerging churches. But they also hold Christ as unique. Jesus’ teaching is linked to the gospel he proclaimed. He asked his disciples to repent and be baptised because â€Å"The kingdom of God is at hand.† This is the kingdom promised by the Hebrew prophets and to be established with the coming of Jesus. D. A. Carson says that emergents are following the uniqueness of Christ and that this uniqueness allows them to have a new thinking and a new way of questioning their

Adam And Eve The Duality Of Humanity Religion Essay

Adam And Eve The Duality Of Humanity Religion Essay Paradise Losts Adam is a rational, clever and trustworthy character who has an amazing rapport with the highest power, God. It can even be argued that before he fell, his was the epitome of humanity, as perfect a human as ever existed. He shares this trait with Eve who is the most perfect and complete woman. This view has been reciprocated by many religious denominations but each has interpreted it in their own unique ways; from Calvinists to puritans to Milton each has interpreted the story of Genesis in their own unique way. Like Adam who was perfect, to the belief that eve was flawed, each has built their own mythos around the story of the genesis of mankind. The Adam represented in Miltons Paradise Lost is an exceedingly rational being, and can understand greatly sophisticated and complex ideas nearly instantaneously. However this perfection hides several deep and critical flaws present within his character. His character and insight is demonstrated when after observing Raphaels descent into Eden, Adam orders eve to, go with speed, / And what thy stores contain, bring forth and pour / Abundance, fit to honor and receive / Our Heavnly stranger (V, 313-316). To which Eve answers, Adam, earths hallowed mould, / Of God inspird, small store will serve, where store, / All seasons, ripe for use hangs on the stalk (V, 321-323). These word which at first seem stiff and of an overly formal method, nonetheless helps reveal the relationship of Adam and Eve. Adam is in charge, but his request for Eve to prepare a meal is not in any way dismissive. She understands that and her response, is in accord with that message. This transitory conversation is n ot that of a master and servant but of two people who hold themselves in equal regard. His relationship with Eve is not the only conversation between equals, as he also talks with Raphael as an equal. He converses with the archangel Raphael as an equal both, socially in his standing, and intellectually in his ability to clearly understand the meanings behind the Raphaels words. However this ends after Adams fall from the grace of god. After his fall Adam loses his pure intellect and his rationality leading him to brash and increasingly non-rational actions, stripping him of his ability to converse with the angels as an equal. Adams greatest flaw is his unequivocal love for his wife Eve. He falls I love merely upon seeing her for the first, and even confesses to the archangel Raphael that his attraction is nigh overwhelming. Though warned by Raphael to keep his dangerous emotions in check he completely disregards Raphaels earnest urgings. After Eve eats from the Tree of Knowledge of good and evil, quickly devours a fruit from the same tree in order to prevent him from being separated from her even momentarily. Eve has become an indispensable companion in his life and he will do anything in order to prevent himself from being separated from his only love. His other major weakness is his insatiable curiosity. He manipulates the angel Raphael to extract more information from him, To whom the Patriarch of mankind replid, /O favourable spirit, propitious guest, /Well hast thou taught the way that might direct /Our knowledge, and the scale of Nature set /From center to circumference, whereon/ In contemplation of created things /By steps we may ascend to God. But say, /What meant that caution joind, if ye be found Obedient? Can we want obedience then to him, or possibly his love desert that formd us from the dust, and placd us here full to the utmost measure of what bliss Human desires can seek or apprehend?(Book V 506-518) This suggests a growing attraction to temptation, but like his relationship with Eve this temptation is easily ignored. It is only through Eve that his temptations become truly unavoidable. Created to be Adams mate, Eve can be considered inferior to Adam, but only by a very slight margin. She surpasses Adam only in her beauty. Like the mortal narcissus, she falls in love with her own reflection stilled and entranced by her own beauty. In an ironical sense her beauty her greatest strength is also her greatest flaw. She is easily manipulated by Satan when she is complimented on both her beauty and goodness. But even so it is not her beauty that is tested but her intelligence and spiritual purity. Though she is by no means unintelligent she lacks the ambition and drive to learn more, content to leave all her decisions to Adam as was ordained by God. As a result, she does not advance in either intelligence or in knowledge but remains mostly static, although by the end of the poem she begins to show the seeds of wisdom. Her lack of learning is mostly due to her absence from Raphaels conversations with Adam in Books V, VI, and VII, and her not experiencing Raphaels visions in Books XI and XII. She feels that it is not her place to be present in this discussions but is content to learn from Adam as a third-party. However, Milton is quick to defend her choice as, Yet went she not, as not with such discourse / Delighted, or not capable of her ear / Of what was high: such pleasures she reservd, / Adam relating, she sole Auditress (VIII, 48-51). The only time that she deviates from her mainly passive role, it results in the punishing fall of man. Even so eve does occasionally question Adams choices and ideas. In Book IX, her questioning does lead to temptation, Eve states at the start of Book IX that they can do more work if they work separately. Adam feeling that as Eve was tricked once before Satan when she was alone, resists this idea and refuses to be separated from Eve once more lest she fall once more into temptation. However due to the love he feels for Eve he allows himself to be separated in order to please Eve. This is possibly due only to his love and is not an exercise of his reasonable capabilities. On the other hand, Eve won her argument by cleverly utilizing her few advantages over Adam. Though through her actions she sets herself up to fail by that only together can they resist temptation. However, her character is quite different from the views held by other religious denomination. This fits with the Genesis description that her one major flaw is her curiosity and vanity. She suffers from a need to know that is her one major flaw even in Genesis she cares for him being as she is made to make him happy. Adam is also slightly different in that he is not as confident in himself. However, even more importantly, is the distinct lack of available text to be able extrapolated to provide an adequate portrait of both Adam and Eves general personality. This has not stopped numerous Christian denominations from interpreting her in various fashions. Calvinists believed that Adam was created in such a way he had to sin, predestination. Original sin, therefore, seems to be a hereditary depravity and corruption of our nature, diffused into all parts of the soul, which first makes us liable to Gods wrath, then also brings forth in us those works which Scripture calls works of the flesh (Gal 5:19). And that is properly what Paul often calls sin. The works that come forth from itsuch as adulteries, fornications, thefts, hatreds, murders, carousingshe accordingly calls fruits of sin (Gal 5:19-21), although they are also commonly called sins in Scripture, and even by Paul himself.(Calvin,24) This fits with the general view that it is Adams inherent depravity that prevents him from being able to resist Eve. He accepts the temptation because he too wants the forbidden and to disobey. (Calvin Chap 11, 30It also fits extremely well with their general view of God as a tyrant. This view was unconsciously shared by many members of the Reformation. This belief was predestination or the belief that whether a person will go to heaven or hell is decided before a person is even born. If this fact is taken in consideration with the saga of Adam and Eve it creates the image of a sadistic god who created Adam and Eve only to cause them to fall. In this way it is a reflection of the general attitude held by many Reformationists is that humanity is in general doomed, a nihilist philosophy which either caused a person to believe they were exceedingly blessed or to despair in their spiritual state. Moreover, we say that our pollution is so great, that it can never be washed away save in the fountain of his pure blood. Must not those who are thus addressed conceive a greater horror of sin than if it were said to be wiped off by a sprinkling of good works? If they have any reverence for God, how can they, after being once purified, avoid shuddering at the thought of again wallowing in the mire, and as much as in them lies troubling and polluting the purity of this fountain? I have washed my feet, (says the believing soul in the Song of Solomon, 5:3), how shall I defile them? It is now plain which of the two makes the forgiveness of sins of less value, and derogates from the dignity of justification. They pretend that God is appeased by their frivolous satisfactions; in other words, by mere dross. We maintain that the guilt of sin is too heinous to be so frivolously expiated; that the offense is too grave to be forgiven to such valueless satisfactions; and, therefore, that forgive ness is the prerogative of Christs blood alone. (Calvin, Chap.16, 4) This is important in that Milton represents God as an emotionally distant controlling god. He is not available to be loved, but only held in awe. We can never merit this love only accept the free gift. Milton does not make God approachable as are his Adam and Eve. Therefore, Miltons Adam and Eve are not the Calvinistic fallen and depraved, but men, like ourselves who chose error through faults, but are still with much merit. Throughout time the saga of Adam and Eve has been analyzed and rewoven a multitude of times over the ages Miltons incarnation has earned its pedestal as the supreme mythos of the genesis of mankind, while others have interpreted Adam and eve as chosen of God, the fallen, or as victims of a malevolent god. There is only one thing certain that not much is known of Adam and Eve but much still can be learned from Miltons the relationship between man and woman and the future we can claim.

Religious and Spiritual Practices of Enslaved African Americans Essay

The Community of Enslaved Africans and their Religious & Spiritual Practices. During a most dark and dismal time in our nations history, we find that the Africans who endured horrible circumstances during slavery, found ways of peace and hope in their religious beliefs. During slavery, Africans where able to survive unbearable conditions by focusing on their spirituality. Christianity was amongst the slave community. Being that the vast majority of the slave community was born in America, converting slaves to Christianity was not a struggle. All slaves were not Christian, and slaves that had accepted Christianity were not official members of the church. Over time Slaves made Christianity their own. There would be occurrences where church gatherings would hold both white and black members. Slave religion was both institutional and non institutional. The slave gatherings would be both formally organized and spontaneously adapted. These gatherings would usually take place at night in the woods. Slaves enjoyed their own meetings better because they could sing and pray as they wanted. In some cases slave masters would not allow attendance of church gatherings and prayer meetings, some slaves would risk flogging to attend these meetings. Christianity was transformed into by the slave community to its own particular experience. Teachings by white masters w ere usually geared towards reminding slaves that on good behavior to their white masters, they would be accepted into heaven and even then , they would be limited to a lesser heaven than there owners. Jesus was not talked about, teachings consisted only of the laws to not lie or steal from their masters. Slaves would soon start to hold their own gatherings to just sing and pray a... .... So ultimately, owners failed at this. Moreover, many owners later came to feel that Christianity may actually have encouraged rebellion (all those stories of Moses and the Israelites in Egypt, after all, talked about the liberation of the slaves), and so they began to discourage Christian missionaries from preaching to the slaves. African Americans have taken their own spiritual, religious journey. God was looked upon as a source of peace and encouragement. The community of enslave Africans were able to use religion and spirituality as a way of overcoming the mental anguish of slavery on a daily basis. To a slave, religion was the most important aspect of their life. Nothing could come between their relationship with god. It was their rock, the only reason why they could wake up in the morning, the only way that they endured this most turbulent time in our history.

Phonics Primer for Year Five Remedial Class in Primary School Essay

1.1 Description of the Area of Research Title of the Study: Phonics Primer for Year Five Remedial Class in Primary School. Phonics is letter-sound correspondences. The units of sound can be syllables, onsets & rimes, or phonemes (EdResearch.info). Phonics Primer is a way of learning the sounds of the alphabet in order to decode the English language. It is recognized by a quick pace of teaching letter and the sound or grapheme and phoneme matches and immediately getting students to use this knowledge to read and spell regular words. Words are read by using the phonological skill of blending the sounds together – synthesis (hence the term â€Å"synthetic phonics†). Words are spelled by using the phonological skill of hearing the sounds in words (segmentation) by means of which words are segmented into their constituent phonemes (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia) Research Questions 1. What is the strategy in teaching synthetic phonics? 2. Can the method be successfully taught in shorter periods? 3. Can the 44 sounds of Phonics Primer help in teaching non-English speakers who have other sounds that is found in English? 4. Can Phonics Primer be used to teach cohorts in higher levels with reading difficulties? Research Variables The instruments that I will use in my research will be: 1. Questionnaires 2. Interviews 3. Classroom Observation Checklist 4. Tests 5. Document Reviews Gay and Airasian (20030 defined population as â€Å"The population is the group of interest to the researcher, the group to which the results of the study will ideally generalized†. The respondents of the research will be for remedial students from the outskirt of Sarikei in Sarawak. The majority of the students will be of the Iban race. The research will be conducted on two groups of selected students. One group will be used for study, called the experimental group. Another group would be the controlled group and they will be taught with the conventional teaching procedure during English lessons. Both groups will be cohorts who will need assistant in reading. About six students will be involved in this study. They will be remedial students from the cohort of year five students who are in the remedial class. The respected students and school will be chosen simply to fulfill the requirements of the research that will use the Primers phonics approach to teach reading for remedia l students. 1.2 Theoretical Framework Often we find that in schools, there are always students who are very poor in reading English. It is even worst when the students cannot read in a language that is very similar to theirs. This means that the students are having problems in basic reading. We can say that these students are too slow in picking up during their reading lessons in English. In classes where we have been teaching, oftentimes we see that students cannot recognize words and even there are some who cannot read. The students in rural Sarikei, in Sarawak, specifically are mostly Ibans. They are non-English speakers. They only encounter the language when they come to school. English therefore is very unfamiliar to them. Many English sounds don’t even exist in their mother tongue. Synthetic phonics has all the 44 sounds of the English Language. It is a very systematic way to teach basic reading in English. By using the method of teaching, students can read faster and easier. The method of teaching and the instruments used in teaching it can enable the remedial students of the primary schools to remember the sounds made by the letters and enable them to read. Research instrument are devices to measure the objects of the study. Instruments come in multiple forms. For this research, the researcher will be using multiple forms like questionnaires, observation forms, interview forms and tests to get information. The questionnaires and interviews will be used to get information about experiences, suggestions and ideas related to the study. The observation forms will be used to make observations during the study. From observation forms, the researcher will be able to see weaknesses and strengths during the teaching of Phonics Primer and also the current teaching method used by the school to make comparisons. The tests which will be given before and after teaching Phonics Primer will help the researcher to find out if the case study that they are doing is suitable and good for teaching remedial students. Questionnaires Questionnaires are familiar to most people (Berdie, Anderson, and Niebuhr, 1986).It is a written or printed form used in gathering information on some subject or subjects, consisting of a set of questions to be submitted to one or more persons (Your Dictionary.Com) It is a communication method of designing questionnaires to collect the requisite information. It is a list of questions framed to get facts. A questionnaire is defined as a group of printed questions used to elicit information from subjects by means of self report. Questionnaires will be distributed to both experimental and controlled group. Teacher Questionnaires. A teacher questionnaire is designed to gather information administered to English teachers in school. The questionnaire will be done two times, that is before the start of the Phonics Programme. A second questionnaire will follow at the end of the programme. This is to find out the status of remedial reading before and after the programme. If there are any differences before and after the programme, it will be noted down for analysis in the research later. Students’ Questionnaires Students’ questionnaire will also be done. It will be done with students who are involved with the study. They are the experimental group of students and also the controlled group of students for comparison later. Questionnaires can help the researcher discover the experiences, knowledge and backgrounds of the students and the school which is related to the case study that is going to be done. These information will help the researcher to know more and understand more about the stand of the students involved in the study. The questionnaire is also important in helping the researcher to make conclusion and give suggestions for future study of similar case. Interview The interview is a dialogue between the teachers with the researcher. The most commonly accepted objective of the interview is to determine whether there is a match between the candidates’ education, experience, interest and goals and the goals of the researcher related to the study for which the researcher is interviewing. In this study, the researcher conducts the interview with the remedial students’ teacher. This interview is designed to elicit data using a set of predetermined questions that are expected to elicit the subjects thoughts, opinions and attitudes regarding the teaching of reading to remedial students. Group Interviews with Teachers. To identify the major issues surrounding the planning and implementation of reading instruction in schools of a rural school, group interviews will be conducted with English remedial teachers. An interview will be used to facilitate discussion. Responses to the uniform standard questions will contribute to the final analysis of the study findings. Individual Interviews with Teachers. To investigate all of the major research questions. presented earlier, interviews will be conducted with English remedial teachers in the selected schools. An interview will be used to facilitate information gathering. Responses to the questions will contribute to the final analysis of the study findings. Observation Instruments Observation is a technique of gathering data through direct contact with the subjects. In this study, the researcher will observe two classes. The researcher will observe ongoing class using Primer Phonics and the normal teaching of remedial students in the school. Observation instrument is necessary to detect any strength and weaknesses for both types of methodology in teaching remedial students. The detections will be noted down in the researcher’s note book for making analysis, conclusion and suggestions for future researches. Classroom Observation Classroom observation will be done to make sure that Primer Phonics is taught accordingly. A checklist will be used. Classroom observations will also be done for the normal teaching of remedial students in the same school. The need for making observation for the normal method of teaching is to enable comparison among the two types of methodology later. Additional data collection and review will occur during the observations. Researchers summarized notes after each observation. Test The researcher will conduct two types of tests, the Pre test and the Post test, for two groups of students from the remedial class only. The students will be divided into the experimental and controlled group. A Pre test will be used to see the students’ ability to read before teaching using the Primers Phonic Method. The Post test will be used to see the achievements made after teaching using the Primers’ Phonic Method. Both the experimental and the controlled groups will take the tests so the researcher can compare if there will be any differences in the achievements after teaching using the Primers’ Phonic Method for the experimental group. The Controlled group will be taught by their own remedial teachers using the usual syllabus in the school. In the tests, subjects are to read a short text of about 150 words. These tests aims to see how good the students can or cannot read before and after teaching using the Primers’ Phonic Method. To assess the students reading, 5 criteria will be ticked accordingly. Students who gets two out of five ‘Yes’ are considered to have pass the Pre Test or the Post test Document Review Document review will inform the research process to varying degrees. Among the documents analyzed were student work samples, report cards, forms, letters to parents, lesson plans, lists of reading books, and other relevant documents pertinent to current reading instruction. The Theoretical Framework Diagram 1: The Diagram depicts the theoretical framework. 1.3 Review of Related Literature The literature reviews forwarded here will help us to understand more about the case study that will be done. A literature review is a body of text that aims to review the critical points of current knowledge and or methodological approaches on a particular topic. Literature reviews are secondary sources, and as such, do not report any new or original experimental work. Most often associated with academic-oriented literature, such as theses, a literature review usually precedes a research proposal and results section. Its ultimate goal is to bring the reader up to date with current literature on a topic and forms the basis for another goal, such as future research that may be needed in the area. A well-structured literature review is characterized by a logical flow of ideas; current and relevant references with consistent, appropriate referencing style, proper use of terminology and an unbiased and comprehensive view of the previous research on the topic I would like to make a review of related literature which is in my area of research, Instruction, Development, and Achievement of Struggling Primary Grade Readers by Elizabeth Campbell Rightmyer, Ellen McIntyre, and Joseph M Petrosko. Reading Research and Instruction. Coral Gables: Spring 2006. Their study examined the phonics and reading achievement of 117 primary grade students in 14 schools and 42 classrooms. Students received instruction in one of six different reading programs or models based upon the school they attended. Through qualitative data collection and analysis of specific instructional practices, they determined that no model or program proved more effective for the learning of phonics in the first grade after one year of instruction. Purpose The purpose of their study was to examine the phonics and reading achievement of primary grade students receiving instruction in six different instructional programs or models (referred to as â€Å"models† in reference to their study). Then, through a qualitative analysis of the specific instructional practices within these models and their understanding of young children’s literacy development, they explain the relative differences in achievement gains of these primary grade struggling readers. Method They examined the instructional practices and achievement of low performing students in first through third grade classrooms in which teachers used one of the following reading models: Breakthrough to Literacy (www.btl.com); Early Success (Cooper, et al., 1997); Early Intervention (Taylor, Medo, & Strait, 1995); Four Blocks (Cunningham, Hall, & DeFee, 1991); SRA Reading Mastery (Engelmann & Bruner, 1997); or Together We Can, a locally developed model based on small group guided reading and explicit teaching of reading strategies and skills. Participants The study included 117 â€Å"struggling† primary-grade readers in 14 schools and 42 classrooms. Schools that had recently received a state grant to implement one of the reading models were invited to participate. They then contacted the principals, asking them to recommend teachers who were particularly successful at implementing the instructional model for at least one year; they believed that principals would avoid selecting teachers who were struggling with the model, classroom management, student diversity, or any of the myriad complexities that teachers face daily. Independently, they checked the teachers’ credentials by using a state-developed data base and found that the majority of them held advanced rank in the profession; 73% had earned at least 30 credit hours beyond the bachelor’s degree. They also found that 84% of the teachers had taught in their current state of employment for more than five years. The principals distributed consent forms to interested teachers, and when they were returned, the researchers explained to each teacher that the children they wanted to study were those struggling with reading or learning to read. They had no control of the models that were proposed or the schools that were selected to receive the grants. Like many states under accountability mandates, their state is becoming heavily invested in direct instruction models of reading and mathematics, and this predilection was seen in the numbers of students who received scripted early intervention in reading. They asked that by October 1 of the first year of the study, the teachers identify the lowest achieving 20% in their classes. Again, they did not control for socioeconomic status, gender, or ethnicity of the identified children or in any way second-guess the teachers’ selection. Consenting students became the targeted group of children the researchers tested on the phonics application and reading tasks. There were two to five children in each of the classrooms, although due to attrition and a few flawed tests, this number was reduced in some classrooms. Researchers studied one group of children from the beginning of first grade through the end of second grade, documenting growth in phonics for one year. These children are hereafter referred to as â€Å"first graders,† even though they followed them through the end of second grade. The children in this group were all served by a single reading model – one of the five models that appear in Appendix A – across two years; however, most of the children had different teachers implementing the model the second year (in second grade). The study followed a second group from the beginning of second grade through the end of third grade, also documenting growth after two years. These children are hereafter referred to as â€Å"second graders,† even though they followed them through the end of third grade. Like the first graders, the children in this group were served by the same reading model across two years; however, most of the children had different teachers implementing the model the second year (in third grade). Table 1 lists the participants by model. Procedures for Data Collection and Analysis of Student Achievement Instruments The researcher pre- and post-tested first grade children on clay’s Hearing Sounds in Words Test (1993), a phonics application task that included encoding a sentence. This measure was conducted only with first graders, as this was the norming sample. It will hereafter be referred to as the â€Å"phonics measure† or â€Å"phonics achievement.† On the clay test, the examiner reads two sentences to the child, â€Å"The bus is coming fast. It will stop here to let me get on.† Then the sentences are read again, word by word, and children encode the sentence as the researcher dictates. The children are encouraged to do the best they can with the spelling and â€Å"use the sounds of words to write as much as you can.† The children score a point for each letter or group of letters they write that correctly correspond to the sounds in the words. Children can score from O to 37 on this test. The researchers selected this test because they believed it to be a more authentic assessment of phonics understanding and use than phonological tests on which children call out letter sounds they see or sound out semantically disconnected word lists. Data collection Researchers were trained using each of the testing instruments given. The training involved an explanation and demonstration of the testing procedures and observation of videotapes of the project director testing various children. The researchers scored those children, discussed results, and adjusted their expectations through more explanation and demonstration by the director. Children were pre-tested during the months of September and post-tested during the month of May during each of the two years of the study. Children were tested in one-on-one situations in quiet places, arranged by the classroom teacher or grant administrator for periods of no more than 30 minutes at a time. While the pre-testing took approximately 30 minutes per child, the post-testing took 60-90 minutes per child for most children, thus each child was met two or three times. The researchers attempted to make the children comfortable and rewarded them afterwards with stickers. All reading passages were tape-recorded. Quantitative analysis of achievement data For ease in comparing achievement, the researchers used the benchmarks provided by each of the tests. Clay’s Hearing Sounds in Words phonics test has a range of 1-37, with intervals of 1. Two trained researchers individually scored every Clay test, and these scores were compared against one another for accuracy. Where there was discrepancy in scoring, a third researcher also reviewed the data, and the group negotiated the final score. Scores were entered into a data base, and two team members reviewed each of them for accuracy in data entry. In this study, test score data were statistically analyzed in two ways. First, pretest scores were subtracted from posttest scores. The resulting gain scores were used as dependent variables in a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), with the reading models as the independent variables. Test 1 was a comparison of phonics achievement of students in the different reading models (one-year gain). For each test, students’ achievement in only five models was compared. Importantly, due to the unequal number of students in each of the comparison groups, and the small numbers of participants in some of the models, the interpretations about the findings of these tests are made with caution and based on trends in the data. Data Collection and Analysis of Instructional Practices The researchers collected data on the instructional models in three ways: a) by observing the teachers and taking field notes, b) by interviewing the teachers about their practices, and c) by completing an observation instrument after leaving the site (which required reflection and quantification of what was observed). For this analysis, they specifically gathered data on: 1) the focus of instruction, 2) the primary literacy activities conducted, and 3) the length of time children spent reading connected text. Other salient characteristics of the models, such as whether the model was considered an intervention for struggling readers or a whole class model, are also described. Observations and interviews Schools were contacted and arrangements were made to observe the teachers who had been previously identified as fully implementing the instructional model adopted through the state program. The researchers visited each teacher four times and observed between 90-180 minutes during each visit, depending on how long â€Å"literacy instruction† was conducted in that classroom. Researchers sat in the room and recorded what the teacher said and did in the form of field notes. One important feature in our field notes was the regular marking of time. In an effort to understand how teachers distributed their instructional time for various activities, they recorded the time in the margins of their field notes approximately every five minutes. After each visit, the researchers interviewed the classroom teacher the same day the observations were made. Among the questions they asked were about how typical the observed instruction was and how the children were selected for testing to ensure that they indeed were studying the bottom 20%. Observation instrument After exiting the field site, the researcher used the field notes and interview to complete an observation instrument that summarized and quantified instructional patterns. A small section of instrument was used to help determine the teacher’s focus of instruction. The instrument, the field notes, and the interview made a â€Å"data set† for analysis. Analysis of instruction In the first phase of analysis, researchers gathered to examine the data sets. Using a form created by the project director, the researchers summarized what happened during each of the visits. From these summaries of the field notes and interviews, the project director created a set of codes that reflected much of the data, a content analysis of sorts (Miles & Huberman, 1994). Then, the research team partitioned the field notes into â€Å"activity settings† (Tharp & Gallimore, 1988) in order to create smaller, bounded units of analysis. This meant that whenever there was a change in activity (the people, place, or product of instruction), the ensuing activity was considered a unit of analysis and coded separately. The Researcher did not consider as â€Å"change in setting† instances in which children had to leave a group early or if a lesson was interrupted. Thus, the lessons were coded holistically by setting. Settings lasted from five to 45 minutes. For example, one setting for analysis might be a 10-minute whole class lesson on which the teacher guided the children to â€Å"correct† a message she had written without punctuation. When the same teacher signaled to the children it was time to work in learning centers, a new unit of analysis was begun. Sometimes there were multiple simultaneous activity settings, and the researcher usually made the decision to follow the teacher. For each activity setting, they coded the teacher’s primary activity, followed by what researchers interpreted, from both observations and interviews, was the teacher’s focus for the activity-either to help students develop phonologically (ACTIV-phon), or to help students learn something else (ACTIV-other). The primary instructional activities observed in each class were listed on the summary sheet. Finally, to determine the time children spent reading connected text, they used an earlier analysis of these data (Authors, 2005). They first defined connected text as â€Å"texts of meaningful sentences or longer; that is, more than one connected sentence;† although, in this study, connected text was usually an entire story. Then, they clarified activities that comprised examples of opportunities to read connected text. The following practices were categorized as such: choral reading; echo reading (even though technically the teacher was doing half of the reading); guided silent reading; guided oral reading; and established periods for independent reading. Activities not included as â€Å"opportunities for reading connected text† included read aloud story time, times when the teacher was directly teaching something, times when students completed worksheets that included only words or unrelated sentences, drill of individual words, or time on non-print responses to literature. Then, the researchers highlighted in field notes when students were provided opportunities to read connected text. They calculated the percentage of time in such activity against the total time designated for language arts instruction. They examined all four observations of each teacher together as a unit because they knew they were going to categorize them. Using group consensus, they defined classrooms as having much opportunity to read connected text during all four observations, a moderate amount of time, or little time. After each data set was analyzed and each teacher categorized, they compared instructional foci and practices across models. They listed all the teachers in a given model together, and looked across these data sets for patterns.